In June 2014 while on assignment for the Applied Technology Institute in Riva, Maryland,

Logsdon and his professional colleague, Dr. Moha El-Ayachi, a professor at Rabat, Morocco,

taught a group of international students who were flown into the United Nations Humanitarian

Services Center in Brindisi, Italy. The students came in from such far-flung locales as Haiti,

Liberia, Georgia, Western Sahara, the South Sudan, Germany, and Senegal to learn how to

better survey land parcels in their various countries. Studies have shown that if clear,

unequivocal boundaries defining property ownership can be assured to the citizens of a Third-

World Country, financial prosperity inevitably follows. By mastering modern space-age

surveying techniques using Trimble Navigation’s highly precise equipment modules, the

international students were able to achieve quarter-inch (1 centimeter) accuracy levels for

precise benchmarks situated all over the globe.

This was Logsdon’s second year of teaching the course in Brindisi and the Applied Technology

Institute has already been invited to submit bids for another, similar course with the same two

instructors for the spring of 2015. The students who converged on Brindisi were all fluent in

English and well-versed in American culture. Their special skills were especially helpful to their

instructors, Tom and Moha, who trained them to use the precisely timed navigation signals

streaming down from the 31 GPS satellites circling the Earth 12,500 miles high.

The DOD’s Request for Proposal for the GPS navigation system was released in 1973.

Rockwell International won that contract to build 12 satellites with the total contract value of

$330 million. Over the next dozen years, the company was awarded a total of $3 billion in

contracts to build more than 40 GPS navigation satellites. Today 1 billion GPS navigation

receivers are serving satisfied users all around the globe. The course taught by Tom and Moha

covered a variety of topics of interest to specialized GPS users: What is the GPS? How does it

work? What is the best way to build or select a GPS receiver? How is the GPS serving its user

base? And how can specialize users find clever new ways accentuate its performance?

The GPS constellation currently consists of 31 satellites. That specialized constellation provides

at least six-fold coverage to users everywhere in the world. Each of the GPS satellites transmits

precisely timed electromagnetic pulses down to the ground, that require about one 11th of a

second to make that quick journey. The electronic circuits inside the GPS receiver measure the

signal travel time and multiply it by the speed of light to obtain the line-of-sight range to that

particular satellite. When it has made at least four ranging measurements to a comparable

number of satellites, the receiver employees a four-dimensional analogy of the Pythagorean

theorem to determine its exact position and the exact time. This solution utilizes four equations

in four unknowns: the receiver’s three position coordinates and the current time. The GPS

system must keep track of time intervals to an astonishing level of precision. A radio wave

moving through a vacuum travels a foot in a billionth of a second. So an accurate and effective

GPS system must be able to keep track of time to within a few billionths of a second. This is

accomplished by designing and building satellite clocks that are so accurate and reliable they

would lose or gain only one second every 300,000 years. These amazingly accurate clocks are

based on esoteric, but well-understood principles, from quantum mechanics. Despite their

amazing accuracy, the clocks on board the GPS satellites must be re-synchronized using

hardware modules situated on the ground three times each and every day.

The timing measurements for the GPS system are so accurate and precise Einstein’s two

famous Theories of Relativity come into play. The GPS receivers located on or near the ground

are in a one-g environment and they are essentially stationary compared the satellites whizzing

overhead. A GPS satellite travels around its orbit at a speed of 8600 miles per hour and the

gravity at its 12,500-mile altitude above the earth is only six percent as strong as the gravity

being experienced by a GPS receiver situated on or near the ground. The difference in speed

creates a systematic distortion in time due to Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. And the

difference in gravitational attraction creates a systematic (and predictable) time distortion due to

Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity. If the designers of the GPS navigation system did not

understand and compensate for these relativistic time-dilation effects, the GPS radionavigation

system would, on average, be in error by about 7 miles. Fortunately, today’s scientists and

engineers have gradually developed a firm grasp of the mathematics associated with relativity

so they are able to make extremely accurate compensations to all of the GPS navigation

solutions. The positions provided by the GPS, for rapidly moving users such as race cars and

military airplanes, are typically accurate to within 15 or 20 feet. For the stationary benchmarks of

interest to professional surveyors, the positioning solutions can be accurate to within one

quarter of an inch, or about one centimeter.

Tom Logsdon has been teaching short courses for the Applied Technology Institute

(www.ATIcourses.com) for more than 20 years. During that interval, he has taught nearly 300

short courses, most of which have spanned 3 to 5 days. His specialties include “Orbital and

Launch Mechanics”, “GPS Technology”, “Team-Based Problem Solving”, and “Strapped-

Down Inertial Navigation Systems”.

Logsdon has written and sold 1.8 million words including 33 nonfiction books. These have

included The Robot Revolution (Simon and Schuster), Striking It Rich in Space (Random

House), The Navstar Global Positioning System (Van Nostrand Reinhold), Mobile

Communications Satellites (McGraw-Hill), and Orbital Mechanics (John Wiley & Sons). All of

his books have sold well, but his best-selling work has been Programming in Basic, a college

textbook that, over nine printings, has sold 130,000 copies. Logsdon also, on occasion, writes

magazine articles and newspaper stories and, over the years, he has written 18,000 words for

Encyclopaedia Britannica. In addition, he has applied for a patent, help design an exhibit for

the Smithsonian Institution, and helped write the text and design the illustrations for four full-

color ads that appeared in the Reader’s Digest.

In 1973 Tom Logsdon received his first assignment on the GPS when he was asked to figure

out how many GPS satellites would be required to provide at least fourfold coverage at all times

to any receiver located anywhere on planet Earth. What a wonderful assignment for a budding

young mathematician! Working in Technicolor— with colored pencils and colored marking pens

on oversize quad-pad sheets four times as big as a standard sheet of paper— Logsdon used

his hard-won knowledge of three-dimensional geometry, graphical techniques, and integral

calculus to puzzle out the salient characteristics of the smallest constellation that would provide

the necessary fourfold coverage. He accomplish this in three days— without using any

computers! And the constellation he devised was the one that appeared in the winning

proposal that brought in $330 million in revenues for Rockwell International.

Even as a young boy growing up wild and free in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, Tom

Logsdon always seemed to have an intuitive understanding of and subtle mathematical

relationships of the type that proved to be so useful in the early days of the American space

program. His family had always been “gravel-driveway poor.” At age 18 he had never eaten in a

restaurant; he had never stayed in a hotel; he had never visited a museum. But, somehow, he

managed to work his way through Eastern Kentucky University as a math-physics major while

serving as the office assistant to Dr. Smith Park, head of the mathematics department. He also

worked as the editor of the campus newspaper, at a noisy Del Monte Cannery in Markesan,

Wisconsin, and as a student trainee at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Silver Spring,

Maryland.

Later he earned a Master’s Degree in Mathematics from the University of Kentucky where he

wrote a regular column for the campus newspaper, played ping-pong with the number 9

competitor in the America, and specialized in a highly abstract branch of mathematics called

combinatorial topology. In his 92-page thesis, jam-packed with highly abstract mathematical

symbols, he evaluated the connectivity and orientation properties of simplicial and cell

complexes and various multidimensional analogies of Veblin’s Theorem.

Soon after he finished his thesis, Logsdon accepted a position as a trajectory and orbital

mechanics expert at Douglas Aircraft in Santa Monica, California. His most famous projects

there included the giant 135 foot-in-diameter Echo Balloon, the six Transit Navigation Satellites,

the Thor-Delta booster, and the third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket. A few years later, he

moved on to Rockwell International in Downey, California, where he worked his mathematical

magic on the second stage of the Saturn V, the four manned Skylab missions, the 24-satellite

constellation of GPS radionavigation satellites, the manned Mars mission of 2016, various

unmanned asteroid and comet probes, and the solar-power satellite project which, if it had

reached fruition, would have incorporated at least 100 geosynchronous satellites each with a

surface area equal to that of Manhattan Island (about 20 square miles).

Among his proudest accomplishments at Rockwell International was the clever utilization of nine

different branches of advanced mathematics, in partnership with his friend, Bob Africano, to

increase the performance capabilities of the Saturn V moon rocket by 4700 extra pounds of

payload bound for the moon — each pound of which was worth five times its weight in 24 karat

gold! These important performance gains were accomplished without changing any of the

hardware elements on the rocket. Logsdon and Africano, instead, employed their highly

specialized knowledge of mathematics and physics to work out ways to operate the mighty

Saturn V more efficiently. This involved shaping the trajectories of the rocket for maximum

propulsive efficiency, shifting the burning mixture ratio in mid flight in an optimal manner, and

analyzing their six-degree-of-freedom post-flight trajectory simulations to minimize the heavy

reserve propellants necessary to assure completion of the mission. These powerful

breakthroughs in math and physics led to a saving of $3.5 billion for NASA – an amount equal to

the lifetime earnings of 2000 average American workers!

Currently, Logsdon and his wife, Cyndy, live in Seal Beach, California. Logsdon is now retired

from Rockwell International, but he is still writing books, acting as an expert witness in a variety

of aerospace-related legal cases, lecturing professionally at big conventions, and teaching

short courses on rocket science, orbital mechanics, and GPS technology at major universities,

NASA bases, military installations, and at a variety of international locations. Prior to his recent

trips to Italy, Logsdon delivered two lectures at Hong Kong University in southern China and

taught two short courses at Stellenbach University near Cape Town, South Africa. Over the past

30 years or so he has taught and lectured at 31 different countries scattered across six

continents. At the International Platform Association meetings in Washington, DC, two of his

presentations in successive years placed in the top 10 among the 45 professional platform

lecturers making presentations there. Colleges and Universities that have sponsored his

presentations have included Johns Hopkins, Berkeley, USC, Oxford, North Texas University,

the International Space University in Strasbourg, France, Saddleback.

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